• GRADES: Pk-2
  • STRAND 1: Earth and Space Science
    • Earth’s Materials
      •    [1STE] Recognize that water, rocks, soil, and living organisms are found on the earth’s surface.
      •    [2STE] Understand that air is a mixture of gases that is all around us and that wind is moving air.
    • Weather
      •    [3STE] Describe the weather changes from day to day and over the seasons.
    • The Sun as Source of Light and Heat
      •    [4STE] Recognize that the sun supplies heat and light to the earth and is necessary for life.
    • Periodic Phenomena
      •    [5STE] Identify some events around us that have repeating patterns, including the seasons of the year, day and night.
  • STRAND 2: Life Science (Biology)
    • Characteristics of Living Things
      •    [33STE] Recognize that animals (including humans) and plants are living things that grow, reproduce, and need food, air, and water.
      •    [34STE] Differentiate between living and nonliving things. Group both living and nonliving things according to the characteristics that they share.
    • Life Cycles
      •    [35STE] Recognize that plants and animals have life cycles, and that life cycles vary for different living things.
    • Heredity
      •    [36STE] Describe ways in which many plants and animals closely resemble their parents in observed appearance.
    • Evolution and Biodiversity
      •    [37STE] Recognize that fossils provide us with information about living things that inhabited the earth years ago.
    • Living Things and Their Environment
      •    [38STE] Recognize that people and other animals interact with the environment through their senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste.
      •    [39STE] Recognize changes in appearance that animals and plants go through as the seasons change.
      •    [40STE] Identify the ways in which an organism’s habitat provides for its basic needs (plants require air, water, nutrients, and light; animals require food, water, air, and shelter).
  • STRAND 3: Physical Sciences (Chemistry and Physics)
    • Observable Properties of Objects
      •    [70STE] Sort objects by observable properties such as size, shape, color, weight, and texture.
    • States of Matter
      •    [71STE] Identify objects and materials as solid, liquid, or gas. Recognize that solids have a definite shape and that liquids and gases take the shape of their container.
    • Position and Motion of Objects
      •    [72STE] Describe the various ways that objects can move, such as in a straight line, zigzag, back-and-forth, round-and-round, fast, and slow.
      •    [73STE] Demonstrate that the way to change the motion of an object is to apply a force (give it a push or a pull). The greater the force, the greater the change in the motion of the object.
      •    [74STE] Recognize that under some conditions, objects can be balanced.
  • STRAND 4: Technology/Engineering
    • Materials and Tools
      •    [103STE] 1.1 Identify and describe characteristics of natural materials (e.g., wood, cotton, fur, wool) and human-made materials (e.g., plastic, Styrofoam).
      •    [104STE] 1.2 Identify and explain some possible uses for natural materials (e.g., wood, cotton, fur, wool) and human-made materials (e.g., plastic, Styrofoam).
      •    [105STE] 1.3 Identify and describe the safe and proper use of tools and materials (e.g., glue, scissors, tape, ruler, paper, toothpicks, straws, spools) to construct simple structures.
    • Engineering Design
      •    [106STE] 2.1 Identify tools and simple machines used for a specific purpose, e.g., ramp, wheel, pulley, lever.
      •    [107STE] 2.2 Describe how human beings use parts of the body as tools (e.g., teeth for cutting, hands for grasping and catching), and compare their use with the ways in which animals use those parts of their bodies.
• GRADES: 3-5
  • STRAND 1: Earth and Space Science
    • Weather
      •    [11STE] Explain how air temperature, moisture, wind speed and direction, and precipitation make up the weather in a particular place and time.
      •    [12STE] Distinguish among the various forms of precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, and hail), making connections to the weather in a particular place and time.
      •    [13STE] Describe how global patterns such as the jet stream and water currents influence local weather in measurable terms such as temperature, wind direction and speed, and precipitation.
      •    [14STE] Differentiate between weather and climate.
    • Rocks and Their Properties
      •    [6STE] Give a simple explanation of what a mineral is and some examples, e.g., quartz, mica.
      •    [7STE] Identify the physical properties of minerals (hardness, color, luster, cleavage, and streak), and explain how minerals can be tested for these different physical properties.
      •    [8STE] Identify the three categories of rocks (metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary) based on how they are formed, and explain the natural and physical processes that create these rocks.
    • Soil
      •    [9STE] Explain and give examples of the ways in which soil is formed (the weathering of rock by water and wind and from the decomposition of plant and animal remains).
      •    [10STE] Recognize and discuss the different properties of soil, including color, texture (size of particles), the ability to retain water, and the ability to support the growth of plants.
    • The Water Cycle
      •    [15STE] Describe how water on earth cycles in different forms and in different locations, including underground and in the atmosphere.
      •    [16STE] Give examples of how the cycling of water, both in and out of the atmosphere, has an effect on climate.
    • Earth’s History
      •    [17STE] Give examples of how the surface of the earth changes due to slow processes such as erosion and weathering, and rapid processes such as landslides, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes.
    • The Earth in the Solar System
      •    [18STE] Recognize that the earth is part of a system called the “solar system” that includes the sun (a star), planets, and many moons. The earth is the third planet from the sun in our solar system.
      •    [19STE] Recognize that the earth revolves around (orbits) the sun in a year’s time and that the earth rotates on its axis once approximately every 24 hours. Make connections between the rotation of the earth and day/night, and the apparent movement of
      •    [20STE] Describe the changes that occur in the observable shape of the moon over the course of a month.
  • STRAND 2: Life Science (Biology)
    • Characteristics of Plants and Animals
      •    [41STE] Classify plants and animals according to the physical characteristics that they share.
    • Plant Structures and Functions
      •    [42STE] Identify the structures in plants (leaves, roots, flowers, stem, bark, wood) that are responsible for food production, support, water transport, reproduction, growth, and protection.
      •    [43STE] Recognize that plants and animals go through predictable life cycles that include birth, growth, development, reproduction, and death.
      •    [44STE] Describe the major stages that characterize the life cycle of the frog and butterfly as they go through metamorphosis.
      •    [45STE] Differentiate between observed characteristics of plants and animals that are fully inherited (e.g., color of flower, shape of leaves, color of eyes, number of appendages) and characteristics that are affected by the climate or environment (e.g.
    • Adaptations of Living Things
      •    [46STE] Give examples of how inherited characteristics may change over time as adaptations to changes in the environment that enable organisms to survive, e.g., shape of beak or feet, placement of eyes on head, length of neck, shape of teeth, color.
      •    [47STE] Give examples of how changes in the environment (drought, cold) have caused some plants and animals to die or move to new locations (migration).
      •    [48STE] Describe how organisms meet some of their needs in an environment by using behaviors (patterns of activities) in response to information (stimuli) received from the environment. Recognize that some animal behaviors are instinctive (e.g., turtles
      •    [49STE] Recognize plant behaviors, such as the way seedlings’ stems grow toward light and their roots grow downward in response to gravity. Recognize that many plants and animals can survive harsh environments because of seasonal behaviors, e.g., in win
      •    [50STE] Give examples of how organisms can cause changes in their environment to ensure survival. Explain how some of these changes may affect the ecosystem.
    • Energy and Living Things
      •    [51STE] Describe how energy derived from the sun is used by plants to produce sugars (photosynthesis) and is transferred within a food chain from producers (plants) to consumers to decomposers.
  • STRAND 3: Physical Sciences (Chemistry and Physics)
    • Properties of Objects and Materials
      •    [75STE] Differentiate between properties of objects (e.g., size, shape, weight) and properties of materials (e.g., color, texture, hardness).
    • States of Matter
      •    [76STE] Compare and contrast solids, liquids, and gases based on the basic properties of each of these states of matter.
      •    [77STE] Describe how water can be changed from one state to another by adding or taking away heat.
    • Forms of Energy
      •    [78STE] Identify the basic forms of energy (light, sound, heat, electrical, and magnetic). Recognize that energy is the ability to cause motion or create change.
      •    [79STE] Give examples of how energy can be transferred from one form to another.
    • Electrical Energy
      •    [80STE] Recognize that electricity in circuits requires a complete loop through which an electrical current can pass, and that electricity can produce light, heat, and sound.
      •    [81STE] Identify and classify objects and materials that conduct electricity and objects and materials that are insulators of electricity.
      •    [82STE] Explain how electromagnets can be made, and give examples of how they can be used.
    • Magnetic Energy
      •    [83STE] Recognize that magnets have poles that repel and attract each other.
      •    [84STE] Identify and classify objects and materials that a magnet will attract and objects and materials that a magnet will not attract.
    • Sound Energy
      •    [85STE] Recognize that sound is produced by vibrating objects and requires a medium through which to travel. Relate the rate of vibration to the pitch of the sound.
    • Light Energy
      •    [86STE] Recognize that light travels in a straight line until it strikes an object or travels from one medium to another, and that light can be reflected, refracted, and absorbed.
  • STRAND 4: Technology/Engineering
    • Materials and Tools
      •    [108STE] 1.3 Identify materials used to accomplish a design task based on a specific property, i.e., weight, strength, hardness, and flexibility.
      •    [109STE] 1.4 Identify and explain the appropriate materials and tools (e.g., hammer, screwdriver, pliers, tape measure, screws, nails, and other mechanical fasteners) to construct a given prototype safely.
      •    [110STE] 1.5 Identify and explain the difference between simple and complex machines, e.g., hand can opener that includes multiple gears, wheel, wedge gear, and lever.
    • Engineering Design
      •    [111STE] 2.2 Identify a problem that reflects the need for shelter, storage, or convenience.
      •    [112STE] 2.3 Describe different ways in which a problem can be represented, e.g., sketches, diagrams, graphic organizers, and lists.
      •    [113STE] 2.4 Identify relevant design features (e.g., size, shape, weight) for building a prototype of a solution to a given problem.
      •    [114STE] 2.5 Compare natural systems with mechanical systems that are designed to serve similar purposes, e.g., a bird's wings as compared to an airplane's wings.
• GRADES: 6-8
  • STRAND 1: Earth and Space Science
    • Earth’s History
      •    [25STE] Describe how the movement of the earth’s crustal plates causes both slow changes in the earth’s surface (e.g., formation of mountains and ocean basins) and rapid ones (e.g., volcanic eruptions and earthquakes).
      •    [26STE] Describe and give examples of ways in which the earth’s surface is built up and torn down by natural processes, including deposition of sediments, rock formation, erosion, and weathering.
      •    [27STE] Explain and give examples of how physical evidence, such as fossils and surface features of glaciation, supports theories that the earth has evolved over geologic time.
    • The Earth in the Solar System
      •    [28STE] Recognize that gravity is a force that pulls all things on and near the earth toward the center of the earth. Gravity plays a major role in the formation of the planets, stars, and solar system and in determining their motions.
      •    [29STE] Describe lunar and solar eclipses, the observed moon phases, and tides. Relate them to the relative positions of the earth, moon, and sun.
      •    [30STE] Compare and contrast properties and conditions of objects in the solar system (i.e., sun, planets, and moons) to those on Earth (i.e., gravitational force, distance from the sun, speed, movement, temperature, and atmospheric conditions).
      •    [31STE] Explain how the tilt of the earth and its revolution around the sun result in an uneven heating of the earth, which in turn causes the seasons.
      •    [32STE] Recognize that the universe contains many billions of galaxies, and that each galaxy contains many billions of stars.
    • Mapping the Earth
      •    [21STE] Recognize, interpret, and be able to create models of the earth’s common physical features in various mapping representations, including contour maps.
    • Earth’s Structure
      •    [22STE] Describe the layers of the solid earth, including the lithosphere, the hot convecting mantle, and the dense metallic core.
    • Heat Transfer in the Earth System
      •    [23STE] Differentiate among radiation, conduction, and convection, the three mechanisms by which heat is transferred through the earth’s system.
      •    [24STE] Explain the relationship among the energy provided by the sun, the global patterns of atmospheric movement, and the temperature differences among water, land, and atmosphere.
  • STRAND 2: Life Science (Biology)
    • Evolution and Biodiversity
      •    [61STE] Give examples of ways in which genetic variation and environmental factors are causes of evolution and the diversity of organisms.
      •    [62STE] Recognize that evidence drawn from geology, fossils, and comparative anatomy provide the basis of the theory of evolution.
      •    [63STE] Relate the extinction of species to a mismatch of adaptation and the environment.
    • Living Things and Their Environment
      •    [64STE] Give examples of ways in which organisms interact and have different functions within an ecosystem that enable the ecosystem to survive.
    • Energy and Living Things
      •    [65STE] Explain the roles and relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers in the process of energy transfer in a food web.
      •    [66STE] Explain how dead plants and animals are broken down by other living organisms and how this process contributes to the system as a whole.
      •    [67STE] Recognize that producers (plants that contain chlorophyll) use the energy from sunlight to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water through a process called photosynthesis. This food can be used immediately, stored for later use, or used by other
    • Classification of Organisms
      •    [52STE] Classify organisms into the currently recognized kingdoms according to characteristics that they share. Be familiar with organisms from each kingdom.
    • Structure and Function of Cells
      •    [53STE] Recognize that all organisms are composed of cells, and that many organisms are single-celled (unicellular), e.g., bacteria, yeast. In these single-celled organisms, one cell must carry out all of the basic functions of life.
      •    [54STE] Compare and contrast plant and animal cells, including major organelles (cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria, vacuoles).
      •    [55STE] Recognize that within cells, many of the basic functions of organisms (e.g., extracting energy from food and getting rid of waste) are carried out. The way in which cells function is similar in all living organisms.
    • Systems in Living Things
      •    [56STE] Describe the hierarchical organization of multicellular organisms from cells to tissues to organs to systems to organisms.
      •    [57STE] Identify the general functions of the major systems of the human body (digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion, protection from disease, and movement, control, and coordination) and describe ways that these systems interact
    • Reproduction and Heredity
      •    [58STE] Recognize that every organism requires a set of instructions that specifies its traits. These instructions are stored in the organism’s chromosomes. Heredity is the passage of these instructions from one generation to another.
      •    [59STE] Recognize that hereditary information is contained in genes located in the chromosomes of each cell. A human cell contains about 30,000 different genes on 23 different chromosomes.
      •    [60STE] Compare sexual reproduction (offspring inherit half of their genes from each parent) with asexual reproduction (offspring is an identical copy of the parent’s cell).
    • Changes in Ecosystems Over Time
      •    [68STE] Identify ways in which ecosystems have changed throughout geologic time in response to physical conditions, interactions among organisms, and the actions of humans. Describe how changes may be catastrophes such as volcanic eruptions or ice storms.
      •    [69STE] Recognize that biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations.
  • STRAND 3: Physical Sciences (Chemistry and Physics)
    • Forms of Energy
      •    [99STE] Differentiate between potential and kinetic energy. Identify situations where kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy and vice versa.
    • Properties of Matter
      •    [87STE] Differentiate between weight and mass, recognizing that weight is the amount of gravitational pull on an object.
      •    [88STE] Differentiate between volume and mass. Define density.
      •    [89STE] Recognize that the measurement of volume and mass requires understanding of the sensitivity of measurement tools (e.g., rulers, graduated cylinders, balances) and knowledge and appropriate use of significant digits.
      •    [90STE] Explain and give examples of how mass is conserved in a closed system.
    • Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
      •    [91STE] Recognize that there are more than 100 elements that combine in a multitude of ways to produce compounds that make up all of the living and nonliving things that we encounter.
      •    [92STE] Differentiate between an atom (the smallest unit of an element that maintains the characteristics of that element) and a molecule (the smallest unit of a compound that maintains the characteristics of that compound).
      •    [93STE] Give basic examples of elements and compounds.
      •    [94STE] Differentiate between mixtures and pure substances.
      •    [95STE] Recognize that a substance (element or compound) has a melting point and a boiling point, both of which are independent of the amount of the sample.
      •    [96STE] Differentiate between physical changes and chemical changes.
    • Motion of Objects
      •    [97STE] Explain and give examples of how the motion of an object can be described by its position, direction of motion, and speed.
      •    [98STE] Graph and interpret distance vs. time graphs for constant speed.
    • Heat Energy
      •    [100STE] Recognize that heat is a form of energy and that temperature change results from adding or taking away heat from a system.
      •    [101STE] Explain the effect of heat on particle motion through a description of what happens to particles during a change in phase.
      •    [102STE] Give examples of how heat moves in predictable ways, moving from warmer objects to cooler ones until they reach equilibrium.
  • STRAND 4: Technology/Engineering
    • Engineering Design
      •    [118STE] 2.1 Identify and explain the steps of the engineering design process, i.e., identify the need or problem, research the problem, develop possible solutions, select the best possible solution(s), construct a prototype, test and evaluate, communicate the solution(s), and redesign.
      •    [119STE] 2.2 Demonstrate methods of representing solutions to a design problem, e.g., sketches, orthographic projections, multiview drawings.
      •    [120STE] 2.3 Describe and explain the purpose of a given prototype.
      •    [121STE] 2.4 Identify appropriate materials, tools, and machines needed to construct a prototype of a given engineering design.
      •    [122STE] 2.5 Explain how such design features as size, shape, weight, function, and cost limitations would affect the construction of a given prototype.
      •    [123STE] 2.6 Identify the five elements of a universal systems model: goal, inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback.
    • Materials, Tools, and Machines
      •    [115STE] 1.1 Given a design task, identify appropriate materials (e.g., wood, paper, plastic, aggregates, ceramics, metals, solvents, adhesives) based on specific properties and characteristics (e.g., weight, strength, hardness, and flexibility).
      •    [116STE] 1.2 Identify and explain appropriate measuring tools, hand tools, and power tools used to hold, lift, carry, fasten, and separate, and explain their safe and proper use.
      •    [117STE] 1.3 Identify and explain the safe and proper use of measuring tools, hand tools, and machines (e.g., band saw, drill press, sanders, hammer, screwdriver, pliers, tape measure, screws, nails, and other mechanical fasteners) needed to construct a prototype of an engineering design.
    • Communication Technologies
      •    [124STE] 3.1 Identify and explain the components of a communication system, i.e., source, encoder, transmitter, receiver, decoder, storage, retrieval, and destination.
      •    [125STE] 3.2 Identify and explain the appropriate tools, machines, and electronic devices (e.g., drawing tools, computer-aided design, and cameras) used to produce and/or reproduce design solutions (e.g., engineering drawings, prototypes, and reports).
      •    [126STE] 3.3 Identify and compare communication technologies and systems, i.e., audio, visual, printed, and mass communication.
      •    [127STE] 3.4 Identify and explain how symbols and icons (e.g., international symbols and graphics) are used to communicate a message.
    • Manufacturing Technologies
      •    [128STE] 4.1 Describe and explain the manufacturing systems of custom and mass production.
      •    [129STE] 4.2 Explain and give examples of the impacts of interchangeable parts, components of mass-produced products, and the use of automation, e.g., robotics.
      •    [130STE] 4.3 Describe a manufacturing organization, e.g., corporate structure, research and development, production, marketing, quality control, distribution.
      •    [131STE] 4.4 Explain basic processes in manufacturing systems, e.g., cutting, shaping, assembling, joining, finishing, quality control, and safety.
    • Construction Technologies
      •    [132STE] 5.1 Describe and explain parts of a structure, e.g., foundation, flooring, decking, wall, roofing systems.
      •    [133STE] 5.2 Identify and describe three major types of bridges (e.g., arch, beam, and suspension) and their appropriate uses (e.g., site, span, resources, and load).
      •    [134STE] 5.3 Explain how the forces of tension, compression, torsion, bending, and shear affect the performance of bridges.
      •    [135STE] 5.4 Describe and explain the effects of loads and structural shapes on bridges.
    • Transportation Technologies
      •    [136STE] 6.1 Identify and compare examples of transportation systems and devices that operate on each of the following: land, air, water, and space.
      •    [137STE] 6.2 Given a transportation problem, explain a possible solution using the universal systems model.
      •    [138STE] 6.3 Identify and describe three subsystems of a transportation vehicle or device, i.e., structural, propulsion, guidance, suspension, control, and support.
      •    [139STE] 6.4 Identify and explain lift, drag, friction, thrust, and gravity in a vehicle or device, e.g., cars, boats, airplanes, rockets.
    • Bioengineering Technologies
      •    [140STE] 7.1 Explain examples of adaptive or assistive devices, e.g., prosthetic devices, wheelchairs, eyeglasses, grab bars, hearing aids, lifts, braces.
      •    [141STE] 7.2 Describe and explain adaptive and assistive bioengineered products, e.g., food, bio-fuels, irradiation, integrated pest management.
• GRADES: Earth and Space Science
  • STRAND 1: Earth and Space Science
    • Matter and Energy in the Earth System
      •    [142STE] 1.1 Identify the earth's principal sources of internal and external energy, e.g., radioactive decay, gravity, solar energy.
      •    [143STE] 1.2 Describe the components of the electromagnetic spectrum and give examples of its impact on our lives.
      •    [144STE] 1.3 Describe the characteristics of waves (wavelength, frequency, velocity, amplitude).
      •    [145STE] 1.4 Describe the nature of the continuous emission and absorption spectrum that indicates the composition of stars.
      •    [146STE] 1.5 Explain how the transfer of energy through radiation, conduction, and convection contributes to global atmospheric processes, e.g., storms, winds. *
      •    [147STE] 1.6 Explain how the layers of the atmosphere affect the dispersal of incoming radiation through reflection, absorption, and reradiation.
      •    [148STE] 1.7 Provide examples of how the unequal heating of the earth and the Coriolis Effect influence global circulation patterns, and show their impact on Massachusetts weather and climate, e.g., convection cells, trade winds, westerlies, polar easterlies, land/sea breezes, mountain/valley breezes.
      •    [149STE] 1.8 Explain how the revolution of the earth and the inclination of the axis of the earth cause the earth's seasonal variations (equinoxes and solstices). *
      •    [150STE] 1.9 Describe how the inclination of the incoming solar radiation can impact the amount of energy received by a given surface area.
      •    [151STE] 1.10 Describe the various conditions associated with frontal boundaries and cyclonic storms (e.g., thunderstorms, winter storms [nor'easters], hurricanes, and tornadoes) and their impact on human affairs, including storm preparations.
      •    [152STE] 1.11 Explain the dynamics of oceanic currents, including upwelling, density, and deep water currents, the local Labrador Current and the Gulf Stream, and their relationship to global circulation within the marine environment and climate. *
      •    [153STE] 1.12 Describe the effects of longshore currents, storms, and artificial structures (e.g., jetties, sea walls) on coastal erosion in Massachusetts.
      •    [154STE] 1.13 Explain what causes the tides and describe how they affect the coastal environment.
      •    [155STE] 1.14 Explain how scientists study the earth system through the use of a combination of ground-based observations, satellite observations, and computer models of the earth system, and why it is necessary to use all of these tools together.
    • The Earth's Sources of Energy
      •    [156STE] 2.1 Recognize, describe, and differentiate between renewable (e.g., solar, wind, water, biomass) and nonrenewable (e.g., fossil fuels, nuclear [Ura-235]) sources of energy.
      •    [157STE] 2.2 Explain the advantage and limitations of renewable sources of energy.
      •    [158STE] 2.3 Explain the advantage and limitations of nonrenewable sources of energy.
      •    [159STE] 2.4 Describe ways in which people have tried to control the use of renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy, e.g., scientific advances, prices.
      •    [160STE] 2.5 Describe the effects on the environment of using both renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy.
      •    [161STE] 2.6 Describe ways in which scientists are addressing effects on the environment of using both renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy, e.g., creation of new technologies.
    • Earth Processes and Cycles
      •    [162STE] 3.1 Explain that weather is the most significant source of erosion and how both physical and chemical weathering lead to the formation of sediments and soils, affect the shape of rocks, and create specific landscapes depending on what weathering process is dominant under a specific climate.
      •    [163STE] 3.2 Describe how glaciers, gravity, wind, temperature changes, waves, and rivers cause weathering and erosion. Give examples of how the effects of these processes can be seen in our local environment. *
      •    [164STE] 3.3 Explain the nitrogen and carbon cycles and their roles in the improvement of soils for agriculture.
      •    [165STE] 3.4 Describe the evolution of the atmosphere.
      •    [166STE] 3.5 Describe how the oceans store carbon dioxide as dissolved HCO3 and CaCO3 precipitate.
      •    [167STE] 3.6 Explain how water flows into and through a watershed, e.g., aquifers, wells, porosity, permeability, water table, capillary water, runoff. *
      •    [168STE] 3.7 Compare and contrast the processes of the hydrologic cycle including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, surface runoff and groundwater percolation, infiltration, and transpiration.
      •    [169STE] 3.8 Describe the rock cycle, and the processes that are responsible for the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Compare the physical properties of these rock types. *
      •    [170STE] 3.9 Compare the physical properties and the mineral combinations found in rocks.
      •    [171STE] 3.10 Explain how the composition and arrangement of atoms determine a mineral's physical and chemical characteristics.
      •    [172STE] 3.11 Describe the absolute and relative dating methods used to measure geologic time, e.g., index fossils, radioactive dating, law of superposition, and cross-cutting relationships. *
      •    [173STE] 3.12 Describe the evolution of the solid earth in terms of the major geologic eras.
      •    [174STE] 3.13 Explain how seismic data is used to reveal the interior structure of the layered earth.
      •    [175STE] 3.14 Explain how seismic data is used to locate an earthquake epicenter.
      •    [176STE] 3.15 Recognize the magnitude values of earthquakes as measured by the Richter Scale and give examples of relative damage that would be incurred at each magnitude.
      •    [177STE] 3.16 Explain how the magnetic field of the earth is produced.
      •    [178STE] 3.17 Explain how the Van Allen Belts protect the biosphere
      •    [179STE] 3.18 Explain how paleomagnetic patterns, preserved in rocks, provide evidence of the earth's magnetic field over geologic time.
      •    [180STE] 3.19 Trace the development of a lithospheric plate from its growing margin at a divergent boundary (mid-ocean ridge) to its destructive margin at a convergent boundary (subduction zone). Explain the relationship between convection currents and the motion of the lithospheric plates. *
      •    [181STE] 3.20 Relate earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain building, and tectonic uplift to plate movements.
      •    [182STE] 3.21 Relate the effects of sudden seafloor movements to the generation of tsunamis.
      •    [183STE] 3.22 Provide examples of how societies have been affected by tectonic activity (e.g., hazards from eruptions and earthquakes, bedrock type and soil conditions, building designs).
    • The Origin and Evolution of the Universe
      •    [184STE] 4.1 Explain the Big Bang Theory and discuss the evidence that supports it (background radiation, and Relativistic Doppler effect ~ red shift).
      •    [185STE] 4.2 Define the unit of distance called a light year.
      •    [186STE] 4.3 Use the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram to explain the life histories of stars.
      •    [187STE] 4.4 Compare and contrast the final three outcomes of stellar evolution based on mass (black hole, neutron star, white dwarf).
      •    [188STE] 4.5 Compare and contrast the motions of rotation and revolution of orbiting bodies, e.g., day, year, solar/lunar eclipses. Describe the influence of gravity and inertia on these motions.
      •    [189STE] 4.6 Explain Kepler's Laws of Motion.
      •    [190STE] 4.7 Compare and contrast the various instrumentation used to study deep space and the solar system, e.g., refracting telescope, reflecting telescope, radio telescope, spectrophotometer.
      •    [191STE] 4.8 Explain how the sun, earth, and solar system formed from a nebula of dust and gas in a spiral arm of the Milky Way Galaxy about 4.6 billion years ago. *
• GRADES: Biology
  • STRAND 2: Life Science (Biology)
    • The Chemistry of Life
      •    [192STE] 1.1 Explain the significance of carbon in organic molecules.
      •    [193STE] 1.2 Recognize the six most common elements in organic molecules (C, H, N, O, P, S).
      •    [194STE] 1.3 Describe the composition and functions of the four major categories of organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids). *
      •    [195STE] 1.4 Describe how dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis relate to organic molecules.
      •    [196STE] 1.5 Explain the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions.
    • Structure and Function of Cells
      •    [197STE] 2.1 Relate cell parts/organelles to their functions. *
      •    [198STE] 2.2 Differentiate between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, in terms of their general structures and degrees of complexity. *
      •    [199STE] 2.3 Distinguish between plant and animal cells. *
      •    [200STE] 2.4 Describe how cells function in a narrow range of physical conditions, such as temperature and pH, to perform life functions that help to maintain homeostasis.
      •    [201STE] 2.5 Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (diffusion, osmosis, and active transport). *
      •    [202STE] 2.6 Identify the reactants and products in the general reaction of photosynthesis. Describe the use of isotopes in this identification.
      •    [203STE] 2.7 Provide evidence that the organic compounds produced by plants are the primary source of energy and nutrients for most living things. *
      •    [204STE] 2.8 Identify how cellular respiration is important for the production of ATP.
      •    [205STE] 2.9 Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. *
      •    [206STE] 2.10 Describe and compare the processes of mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell cycle. *
    • Genetics
      •    [207STE] 3.1 Describe the structure and function of DNA, and distinguish among replication, transcription, and translation. *
      •    [208STE] 3.2 Describe the processes of replication, transcription, and translation and how they relate to each other in molecular biology.
      •    [209STE] 3.3 Describe the general pathway by which ribosomes synthesize proteins by using tRNAs to translate genetic information encoded in mRNAs.
      •    [210STE] 3.4 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may be silent or result in phenotypic change in an organism and in its offspring.
      •    [211STE] 3.5 Differentiate between dominant, recessive, codominant, polygenic, and sex-linked traits.
      •    [212STE] 3.6 State Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment.
      •    [213STE] 3.7 Use a Punnett Square to determine the genotype and phenotype of monohybrid crosses. *
      •    [214STE] 3.8 Explain how zygotes are produced in the fertilization process.
      •    [215STE] 3.9 Recognize that while viruses lack cellular structure, they have the genetic material to invade living cells.
    • Human Anatomy and Physiology
      •    [216STE] 4.1 Explain how major organ systems in humans (e.g., kidney, muscle, lung) have functional units (e.g., nephron, sarcome, alveoli) with specific anatomy that perform the function of that organ system.
      •    [217STE] 4.2 Describe how the function of individual systems within humans are integrated to maintain a homeostatic balance in the body.
    • Evolution and Biodiversity
      •    [218STE] 5.1 Explain how the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and other evidence support the theory of evolution.
      •    [219STE] 5.2 Illustrate how genetic variation is preserved or eliminated from a population through Darwinian natural selection (evolution) resulting in biodiversity.
      •    [220STE] 5.3 Describe how the taxonomic system classifies living things into domains (eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes) and kingdoms (animals, plants, fungi, etc.). * [Note: there is an ongoing scientific debate about the number of kingdoms and which organisms should be included in each. The following websites provide more information: Brave New Biosphere whyfiles.org/022critters/phylogeny.html, and The Tree of Life Project Root Page phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/life.html.]
    • Ecology
      •    [221STE] 6.1 Explain how biotic and abiotic factors cycle in an ecosystem (water, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen). *
      •    [222STE] 6.2 Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers, and explain the transfer of energy through trophic levels. *
      •    [223STE] 6.3 Identify the factors in an ecosystem that influence fluctuations in population size.
      •    [224STE] 6.4 Analyze changes in an ecosystem resulting from natural causes, changes in climate, human activity, or introduction of non-native species.
      •    [225STE] 6.5 Explain how symbiotic behavior produces interactions within ecosystems.
• GRADES: Chemistry
  • STRAND 3: Physical Sciences (Chemistry and Physics)
    • Properties of Matter
      •    [226STE] 1.1 Identify and explain some of the physical properties that are used to classify matter, e.g., density, melting point, and boiling point. *
      •    [227STE] 1.2 Explain the difference between mixtures and pure substances. *
      •    [228STE] 1.3 Describe the four states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) in terms of energy, particle motion, and phase transitions. *
      •    [229STE] 1.4 Distinguish between chemical and physical changes.
    • Atomic Structure
      •    [230STE] 2.1 Trace the development of atomic theory and the structure of the atom from the ancient Greeks to the present (Dalton, Thompson, Rutherford, Bohr, and modern theory).
      •    [231STE] 2.2 Interpret Dalton's atomic theory in terms of the Laws of Conservation of Mass, Constant Composition, and Multiple Proportions.
      •    [232STE] 2.3 Identify the major components of the nuclear atom (protons, neutrons, and electrons) and explain how they interact. *
      •    [233STE] 2.4 Understand that matter has properties of both particles and waves.
      •    [234STE] 2.5 Using Bohr's model of the atom interpret changes (emission/absorption) in electron energies in the hydrogen atom corresponding to emission transitions between quantum levels.
      •    [235STE] 2.6 Describe the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of wavelength and energy; identify regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
      •    [236STE] 2.7 Write the electron configurations for elements in the first three rows of the periodic table.
      •    [237STE] 2.8 Describe alpha, beta, and gamma particles; discuss the properties of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation; and write balanced nuclear reactions.
      •    [238STE] 2.9 Compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion and mass defect. *
      •    [239STE] 2.10 Describe the process of radioactive decay as the spontaneous breakdown of certain unstable elements (radioactive) into new elements (radioactive or not) through the spontaneous emission by the nucleus of alpha or beta particles. Explain the difference between stable and unstable isotopes.
      •    [240STE] 2.11 Explain the concept of half-life of a radioactive element, e.g., explain why the half-life of C14 has made carbon dating a powerful tool in determining the age of very old objects.
    • Periodicity
      •    [241STE] 3.1 Explain the relationship of an element's position on the periodic table to its atomic number and mass. *
      •    [242STE] 3.2 Use the periodic table to identify metals, nonmetals, metalloids, families (groups), periods, valence electrons, and reactivity with other elements in the table.
      •    [243STE] 3.3 Relate the position of an element on the periodic table to its electron configuration.
      •    [244STE] 3.4 Identify trends on the periodic table (ionization energy, electronegativity, electron affinity, and relative size of atoms and ions).
    • Chemical Bonding
      •    [245STE] 4.1 Explain how atoms combine to form compounds through both ionic and covalent bonding. *
      •    [246STE] 4.2 Draw Lewis dot structures for simple molecules.
      •    [247STE] 4.3 Relate electronegativity and ionization energy to the type of bonding an element is likely to undergo.
      •    [248STE] 4.4 Predict the geometry of simple molecules and their polarity (valence shell electron pair repulsion).
      •    [249STE] 4.5 Identify the types of intermolecular forces present based on molecular geometry and polarity.
      •    [250STE] 4.6 Predict chemical formulas based on the number of valence electrons.
      •    [251STE] 4.7 Name and write the chemical formulas for simple ionic and molecular compounds, including those that contain common polyatomic ions.
    • Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry
      •    [252STE] 5.1 Balance chemical equations by applying the law of conservation of mass. *
      •    [253STE] 5.2 Recognize synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, and neutralization reactions.
      •    [254STE] 5.3 Understand the mole concept in terms of number of particles, mass, and gaseous volume.
      •    [255STE] 5.4 Determine molar mass, percent compositions, empirical formulas, and molecular formulas.
      •    [256STE] 5.5 Calculate mass-mass, mass-volume, volume-volume, and limiting reactant problems for chemical reactions.
      •    [257STE] 5.6 Calculate percent yield in a chemical reaction.
    • Gases and Kinetic Molecular Theory
      •    [258STE] 6.1 Using the kinetic molecular theory, explain the relationship between pressure and volume (Boyle's law), volume and temperature (Charles' law), and the number of particles in a gas sample (Avogadro's hypothesis).
      •    [259STE] 6.2 Explain the relationship between temperature and average kinetic energy.
      •    [260STE] 6.3 Perform calculations using the ideal gas law.
      •    [261STE] 6.4 Describe the conditions under which a real gas deviates from ideal behavior.
      •    [262STE] 6.5 Interpret Dalton's empirical Law of Partial Pressures and use it to calculate partial pressures and total pressures.
      •    [263STE] 6.6 Use the combined gas law to determine changes in pressure, volume, or temperature.
    • Solutions
      •    [264STE] 7.1 Describe the process by which solutes dissolve in solvents. *
      •    [265STE] 7.2 Identify and explain the factors that affect the rate of dissolving, i.e., temperature, concentration, and mixing. *
      •    [266STE] 7.3 Describe the dynamic equilibrium that occurs in saturated solutions.
      •    [267STE] 7.4 Calculate concentration in terms of molarity, molality, and percent by mass.
      •    [268STE] 7.5 Use a solubility curve to determine saturation values at different temperatures.
      •    [269STE] 7.6 Calculate the freezing point depression and boiling point elevation of a solution.
      •    [270STE] 7.7 Write net ionic equations for precipitation reactions in aqueous solutions.
    • Acids and Bases
      •    [271STE] 8.1 Define Arrhenius' theory of acids and bases in terms of the presence of hydronium and hydroxide ions, and Bronsted's theory of acids and bases in terms of proton donor and acceptor, and relate their concentrations to the pH scale. *
      •    [272STE] 8.2 Compare and contrast the nature, behavior, concentration and strength of acids and bases. a.) Acid-base neutralization b.) Degree of dissociation or ionization c.) Electrical conductivity
      •    [273STE] 8.3 Identify a buffer and explain how it works.
      •    [274STE] 8.4 Explain how indicators are used in titrations and how they are selected.
      •    [275STE] 8.5 Describe an acid-base titration. Identify when the equivalence point is reached and its significance.
      •    [276STE] 8.6 Calculate the pH or pOH of aqueous solutions using the hydronium or hydroxide ion concentration.
    • Equilibrium and Kinetics
      •    [277STE] 9.1 Write the equilibrium expression and calculate the equilibrium constant for a reaction.
      •    [278STE] 9.2 Predict the shift in equilibrium when the system is subjected to a stress (LeChatelier's principle).
      •    [279STE] 9.3 Identify the factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction (temperature, concentration) and the factors that can cause a shift in equilibrium (concentration, pressure, volume, temperature).
      •    [280STE] 9.4 Explain rates of reaction in terms of collision frequency, energy of collisions, and orientation of colliding molecules.
      •    [281STE] 9.5 Define the role of activation energy in a chemical reaction.
    • Thermochemistry (Enthalpy)
      •    [282STE] 10.1 Interpret the law of conservation of energy.
      •    [283STE] 10.2 Explain the relationship between energy transfer and disorder in the universe.
      •    [284STE] 10.3 Analyze the energy changes involved in physical and chemical processes using calorimetry.
      •    [285STE] 10.4 Apply Hess's law to determine the heat of reaction.
    • Oxidation-Reduction and Electrochemistry
      •    [286STE] 11.1 Describe the chemical processes known as oxidation and reduction.
      •    [287STE] 11.2 Assign oxidation numbers.
      •    [288STE] 11.3 Balance oxidation-reduction equations by using half-reactions.
      •    [289STE] 11.4 Identify the components, and describe the processes that occur in an electrochemical cell.
      •    [290STE] 11.5 Explain how a typical battery, such as a lead storage battery or a dry cell, works.
      •    [291STE] 11.6 Compare and contrast voltaic and electrolytic cells and their uses.
      •    [292STE] 11.7 Calculate the net voltage of a cell given a table of standard reduction potentials.
• GRADES: Physics
  • STRAND 3: Physical Sciences (Chemistry and Physics)
    • Motion and Forces
      •    [293STE] 1.1 Distinguish between vector quantities (velocity, acceleration, and force) and scalar quantities (speed and mass).
      •    [294STE] 1.2 Illustrate how to represent vectors graphically and be able to add them graphically.
      •    [295STE] 1.3 Distinguish between, and solve problems involving, velocity, speed, and constant acceleration.
      •    [296STE] 1.4 Create and interpret graphs of motion (position vs. time, speed vs. time, velocity vs. time, constant acceleration vs. time).
      •    [297STE] 1.5 Explain the relationship between mass and inertia. *
      •    [298STE] 1.6 Interpret and apply Newton's first law of motion. *
      •    [299STE] 1.7 Interpret and apply Newton's second law of motion to show how an object's motion will change only when a net force is applied. *
      •    [300STE] 1.8 Use a free body force diagram with only co-linear forces to show forces acting on an object, and determine the net force on it.
      •    [301STE] 1.9 Qualitatively distinguish between static and kinetic friction, what they depend on and their effects on the motion of objects.
      •    [302STE] 1.10 Interpret and apply Newton's third law of motion.
      •    [303STE] 1.11 Understand conceptually Newton's law of universal gravitation. *
      •    [304STE] 1.12 Identify appropriate standard international units of measurement for force, mass, distance, speed, acceleration, and time, and explain how they are measured.
    • Conservation of Energy and Momentum
      •    [305STE] 2.1 Interpret and provide examples that illustrate the law of conservation of energy. *
      •    [306STE] 2.2 Provide examples of how energy can be transformed from kinetic to potential and vice versa.
      •    [307STE] 2.3 Apply quantitatively the law of conservation of mechanical energy to simple systems.
      •    [308STE] 2.4 Describe the relationship among energy, work, and power both conceptually and quantitatively.
      •    [309STE] 2.5 Interpret the law of conservation of momentum and provide examples that illustrate it. Calculate the momentum of an object.
      •    [310STE] 2.6 Identify appropriate standard international units of measurement for energy, work, power, and momentum.
    • Heat and Heat Transfer
      •    [311STE] 3.1 Relate thermal energy to molecular motion. *
      •    [312STE] 3.2 Differentiate between specific heat and heat capacity.
      •    [313STE] 3.3 Explain the relationship among temperature change in a substance for a given amount of heat transferred, the amount (mass) of the substance, and the specific heat of the substance.
      •    [314STE] 3.4 Recognize that matter exists in four phases, and explain what happens during a phase change.
    • Waves
      •    [315STE] 4.1 Differentiate between wave motion (simple harmonic nonlinear motion) and the motion of objects (nonharmonic). *
      •    [316STE] 4.2 Recognize the measurable properties of waves (e.g., velocity, frequency, wavelength) and explain the relationships among them. *
      •    [317STE] 4.3 Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves.
      •    [318STE] 4.4 Distinguish between mechanical and electromagnetic waves. *
      •    [319STE] 4.5 Interpret and be able to apply the laws of reflection and refraction (qualitatively) to all waves.
      •    [320STE] 4.6 Recognize the effects of polarization, wave interaction, and the Doppler effect.
      •    [321STE] 4.7 Explain, graph, and interpret graphs of constructive and destructive interference of waves.
      •    [322STE] 4.8 Explain the relationship between the speed of a wave (e.g., sound) and the medium it travels through.
      •    [323STE] 4.9 Recognize the characteristics of a standing wave and explain the conditions under which two waves on a string or in a pipe can interfere to produce a standing wave.
    • Electromagnetism
      •    [324STE] 5.1 Recognize the characteristics of static charge, and explain how a static charge is generated.
      •    [325STE] 5.2 Interpret and apply Coulomb's law.
      •    [326STE] 5.3 Explain the difference in concept between electric forces and electric fields.
      •    [327STE] 5.4 Develop a qualitative and quantitative understanding of current, voltage, resistance, and the connection between them.
      •    [328STE] 5.5 Identify appropriate units of measurement for current, voltage, and resistance, and explain how they are measured.
      •    [329STE] 5.6 Analyze circuits (find the current at any point and the potential difference between any two points in the circuit) using Kirchoff's and Ohm's laws.
    • Electromagnetic Radiation
      •    [330STE] 6.1 Describe the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of wavelength and energy, and be able to identify specific regions such as visible light. *
      •    [331STE] 6.2 Explain how the various wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum have many useful applications such as radio, television, microwave appliances, and cellular telephones.
      •    [332STE] 6.3 Calculate the frequency and energy of an electromagnetic wave from the wavelength.
      •    [333STE] 6.4 Recognize and explain the ways in which the direction of visible light can be changed.
• GRADES: Technology/Engineering
  • STRAND 4: Technology/Engineering
    • Engineering Design
      •    [334STE] 1.1 Identify and explain the steps of the engineering design process, i.e., identify the problem, research the problem, develop possible solutions, select the best possible solution(s), construct a prototype, test and evaluate, communicate the solution(s), and redesign.
      •    [335STE] 1.2 Demonstrate knowledge of pictorial and multi-view drawings (e.g., orthographic projection, isometric, oblique, perspective) using proper techniques.
      •    [336STE] 1.3 Demonstrate the use of drafting techniques with paper and pencil or computer-aided design (CAD) systems when available.
      •    [337STE] 1.4 Apply scale and proportion to drawings, e.g., ¼" = 1'0".
      •    [338STE] 1.5 Interpret plans, diagrams, and working drawings in the construction of a prototype.
    • Construction Technologies
      •    [339STE] 2.1 Distinguish among tension, compression, shear, and torsion, and explain how they relate to the selection of materials in structures.
      •    [340STE] 2.2 Identify and explain the purposes of common tools and measurement devices used in construction, e.g., spirit level, transit, framing square, plumb bob, spring scale, tape measure, strain gauge, venturi meter, pitot tube.
      •    [341STE] 2.3 Describe how structures are constructed using a variety of processes and procedures, e.g., welds, bolts, and rivets are used to assemble metal framing materials.
      •    [342STE] 2.4 Identify and explain the engineering properties of materials used in structures, e.g., elasticity, plasticity, thermal conductivity, density.
      •    [343STE] 2.5 Differentiate the factors that affect the design and building of structures, such as zoning laws, building codes, and professional standards.
      •    [344STE] 2.6 Calculate quantitatively the resultant forces for live loads and dead loads.
    • Matter and Energy in the Earth System
      •    [345STE] 3.1 Differentiate between open (e.g., irrigation, forced hot air system) and closed (e.g., forced hot water system, hydroponics) fluid systems and their components such as valves, controlling devices, and metering devices.
      •    [346STE] 3.2 Identify and explain sources of resistance (e.g., 45o elbow, 90o elbow, type of pipes, changes in diameter) for water moving through a pipe.
      •    [347STE] 3.3 Explain Bernoulli's Principle and its effect on practical applications, i.e., airfoil design, spoiler design, carburetor.
      •    [348STE] 3.4 Differentiate between hydraulic and pneumatic systems and provide examples of appropriate applications of each as they relate to manufacturing and transportation systems.
      •    [349STE] 3.5 Explain the relationship between velocity and cross-sectional areas in the movement of a fluid.
      •    [350STE] 3.6 Solve problems related to hydrostatic pressure and depth in fluid systems.
    • The Earth's Sources of Energy
      •    [351STE] 4.1 Differentiate among conduction, convection, and radiation in a thermal system, e.g., heating and cooling a house, cooking.
      •    [352STE] 4.2 Give examples of how conduction, convection, and radiation are used in the selection of materials, e.g., home and vehicle thermostat designs, circuit breakers.
      •    [353STE] 4.3 Identify the differences between open and closed thermal systems, e.g., humidity control systems, heating systems, cooling systems.
      •    [354STE] 4.4 Explain how environmental conditions influence heating and cooling of buildings and automobiles.
      •    [355STE] 4.5 Identify and explain the tools, controls, and properties of materials used in a thermal system, e.g., thermostats, R Values, thermal conductivity, temperature sensors.
    • Earth Processes and Cycles
      •    [356STE] 5.1 Describe the different instruments that can be used to measure voltage, e.g., voltmeter, multimeter.
      •    [357STE] 5.2 Identify and explain the components of a circuit including a source, conductor, load, and controllers (controllers are switches, relays, diodes, transistors, integrated circuits).
      •    [358STE] 5.3 Explain the relationship between resistance, voltage, and current (Ohm's Law).
      •    [359STE] 5.4 Determine the voltages and currents in a series circuit and a parallel circuit.
      •    [360STE] 5.5 Explain how to measure voltage, resistance, and current in electrical systems.
      •    [361STE] 5.6 Describe the differences between Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC).
    • Communication Technologies
      •    [362STE] 6.1 Identify and explain the applications of light in communications, e.g., reflection, refraction, additive, and subtractive color theory.
      •    [363STE] 6.2 Explain how information travels through different media, e.g., electrical wire, optical fiber, air, space.
      •    [364STE] 6.3 Compare the difference between digital and analog communication devices.
      •    [365STE] 6.4 Explain the components of a communication system, i.e., source, encoder, transmitter, receiver, decoder, storage, retrieval, and destination.
      •    [366STE] 6.5 Identify and explain the applications of laser and fiber optic technologies, e.g., telephone systems, cable television, medical technology, and photography.
    • Manufacturing Technologies
      •    [367STE] 7.1 Explain the manufacturing processes of casting and molding, forming, separating, conditioning, assembling, and finishing.
      •    [368STE] 7.2 Differentiate the selection of tools and procedures used in the safe production of products in the manufacturing process, e.g., hand tools, power tools, computer-aided manufacturing, three-dimensional modeling.
      •    [369STE] 7.3 Explain the process and the programming of robotic action utilizing three axes.